MAKALAH TENTANG BAHASA INGGRIS

NAMA: RIO PANPUDHI

KELAS: 1EA10

NPM:16216448

CHAPTER 1

Some and Any

 Much and Many

 A lot of and A Few

A. SOME

1. Word “Some” is using for the question that has a positive character (positive statements).

A. Countable Plural Sentence (plural).

"some" at this sentences below, means " beberapa ".

Example :

 - I have some reports to learn.

 - Some students are waiting for you.

 - I know some people do not like the answer.

B. Countable Singular Sentence (singular).

 "some" at this sentence below, means “ at the specific/certain place, or a certain things

Example :

- I'm sure I will meet him some day.

- I met him in some place

C. Uncountable Sentence

"some" at this sentence below, means “sedikit atau sejumlah”

Example :

 - I need some help to meet him.

2. Some is usually used for the intrrogative sentence. Where the questioner  expect the positive answer ( yes )

Example :

 - Did he give you some coffee?

- Is there some orange juice in the refrigerator?

3. Some used to offering something or inviting someone.

Example  :

 - Would you like some pens?

 - Would you join me to go to some places?

 - Could I have some books, please?

B. ANY

1. Any is used for the sentence that using “not” for negative mark (negative statements)

Example :

 - He didn't give me any coffee.

- I don't want any more cake.

- There isn't any reason to complain.

2. Any used for interrogative sentence

Example :

- Do you have any friends in Bangkok?

- Do you want any sugar in your tea?

- Have you got any children?

 CHAPTER 2

Using Article a, an, and the

Definition : Article a, an, and the, is a word that used to limit a meaning of  Noun. Article is divided into two typse, that is : Definite and Indefinite

Definite Article :

Word for Definite Article is “The”,  this word is used for a specific thing, that involve : Person, Thing, and Idea. Word “The”  also used before countable noun nor uncountable noun. Example :

-        There's a girl in that store, The girl wore boots. Kata The ini digunakan pada countable noun

-        The cows at netherland are healthy

Indefinite Article :

Words for Indefinite Article are “ a & an “ those words are used for unspecific thing, such as Person, Thing, and Idea,word “ a & an “ are used before a singular uncountable noun

Example :

-        a man

-        a book

-        an umbrella

   CHAPTER 3

ACTIVE and PASSIVE SENTENCE in Present Form

Definition :

Active Sentence : In active sentences, the thing does on the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing is receiving on the action is the object. Most sentences are active. The formula is [Thing does action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]

Passive Sentence : In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action. The formula is [Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]

Example of Active and Passive Sentence in Present Form:

Tense	Active	Passive
Simple Present	Once a week, Tom cleans the house.	Once a week, the house is cleaned by Tom.
Present Continuous	Right now, Sarah is writing the letter.	Right now, the letter is being written by Sarah.
Present Perfect	Many tourists have visited that castle.	That castle has been visited by many tourists.
Present Perfect Continuous	Recently, John has been doing the work.	Recently, the work has been being done by John.

             CHAPTER 4

Active and Passive Sentence in Past Form

Definition :

Active Sentence : In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active. The formula is [Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]

Passive Sentence : In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action. The formula is [Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]

Example of Active and Passive Sentence in Past Form :

Tense	Active	Passive
Simple Past	Sam repaired  the car	The car was repaired by Sam
Past Continuous	The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store.	The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store.
Past Perfect	George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license.	Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license.
Past Perfect Continuous	Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris	The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris.
Future in the Past Was Going to	I thought Sally was going to make a beautiful dinner	I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be made by Sally tonight.

CHAPTER 5

Indefinite Pronoun and Reflexive Pronoun

Indefinite Pronouns

These are pronouns that don't refer to a specific person or thing. The prefix "in" means "not." That will help you to remember that these pronouns are not definite.

Here are a couple of example sentences with indefinite pronouns :

 - Everyone laughed at the joke.

 - Both of the boys brought her flowers.

Notice that in both of those sentences, we're not sure which nouns the pronouns are replacing. They did not specify which nouns they replaced. They are not definite.

Examples of Indefinite Pronouns

Here is a list of indefinite pronouns:

each, everything, either, everyone, someone, anything, both, many, several, few, all, most, none, one, some, much

Reflexive Pronouns

Reflexive pronouns end in-self or -selves, and they always refer to the subject of the sentence.

Here are a couple of example sentences using reflexive pronouns:

 - The baby looked at herself in the mirror.

 - I bought myself a cupcake.

Notice that the pronouns herself and myself end in -self, and they both refer back to the subject of the sentence, baby and I.

Examples of Reflexive Pronouns

Here is a list of reflexive pronouns:

myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

           

CHAPTER 6

Have Something Done and Causative Have

A.    HAVE SOMETHING DONE

We use HAVE/GET + OBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE to say that we arrange for someone else to do something for us.

EXAMPLE : Janis took her trousers to the cleaner's : Janis HAD her trousers CLEANED
I'm mending my motorbike : I' M HAVING my motorbike MENDED
I check my daughter's homework every day : My daughter HAS her homework CHECKED every day

The verb to HAVE can be used in any VERB TENSE, either affirmative, negative or interrogative form.

B.     CAUSATIVE HAVE

We use a causative verb when we want to talk about something that someone else did for us or for another person. It means that the subject caused the action to happen, but didn't do it themselves. Maybe they paid, or asked, or persuaded the other person to do it. For example, we can say:

·         I cleaned my house. (This means I cleaned it myself).

If I paid someone to clean it, of course I can say:

·         A cleaner cleaned my house.

But, another way is to use a causative construction. So I can also say:

·         I had my house cleaned.

In a sense, using a causative verb is similar to using a passive. The important thing is that the house is now clean. We don't focus on who did the cleaning.

Have + object + past participle (have something done)

We usually use 'have something done' when we are talking about paying someone to do something for us. It's often used for services. The form is 'subject + have + object + past participle'.

·         I had my car washed.

·         John will have his house painted.

Get + object + past participle (get something done)

We can also use 'subject + get + object + past participle'. This has the same meaning as 'have', but is less formal.

·         The students get their essays checked.

·         I'll get my hair cut next week.

·         He got his washing machine fixed.

Try an exercise about 'have something done' and 'get something done' here.

Have someone do something (have + person + infinitive)

We can also use the construction 'subject + have + person + infinitive'. This has a very similar meaning to 'have something done', which we've already talked about, but this time we say who did the thing - we talk about the person who we asked to do the thing for us.

·         I had the electrician look at my broken light.

·         The doctor will have the nurse call the patients.

·         The teacher had the students write the answers on the whiteboard.

Get someone to do something (get + person + to + infinitive)

Finally, we can also use the construction 'get + someone + to + infinitive'. Again, this means that you cause the other person to do the action, maybe by paying them to do it, or by asking them to do it, or by persuading them to do it.

·         She gets her son to do his homework by promising him ice cream when he's finished.

·         I got the cleaner to clean under the cupboards.

Sometimes, this construction has the feeling that we needed to convince someone to do something, while the other constructions on this page are neutral.

                              
CHAPTER 7

Determiner: all, each, every, few, little

Understanding Determiners

Determiners are one part of the part of speech that is used in order to determine the various single or groups of nouns (noun) in the United Kingdom Language sentence. Determiners are used in order to clarify something that we are talking about becoming more clear.

Determiners fruit with pronouns, because determiners always followed by a noun (a noun). Personal pronouns (I, you, they, we, he, she, it) and the Possesive pronouns (mine belong to you, they, we, his, hers, that is) are both not illiquid determiners.

A variety of Sample Sentences and Determiners

The determiners are:

1. Articles: a/an/the

2. Demonstrative Pronouns: this/that, these/those

3. Possessive Adjectives: my/your/their/our/his/her/its

For example:

Can you open the window, please?

These books are expensive.

May I borrow your books, please?

How to use Determiners in Arabic United Kingdom

You can use determiners when you already know exactly (specifically) of either objects or people which you are discussed.

In general the use of determiners are used to mengkespresikan how many people or objects (things) you're talking about. In conclusion, determiners are part of part of speech used to indicate quantity (quantity/amount) in the United Kingdom Language sentence.

In the United Kingdom Language order (English Grammar), determiners are quantifiers. Here are the various from the quantifiers:

a few a little a lot all another any

both each either enough every

few fewer less little many more most much

neither no other several some

                             

CHAPTER 8

Question Tag

Definition

A tag question is a question added to a declarative sentence, usually at the end, to engage the listener, verify that something has been understood, or confirm that an action has occurred. Also known as a question tag.

Common tags include won't you? wasn't it? don't you? haven't you? okay? and right?

See Examples and Observations below. Also see:

Conversational Grounding

Declarative Question

• Conversational Grounding
• Declarative Question

• Leading Question
• Narrative Eh
• Negation
• NICE Properties
• Notes on Contractions in English
• Queclarative
• Rhetorical Question
• Semi-Negative
• Short Answer
• Twelve Types of Questions in Casablanca
• You Understood
   

Examples and Observations:

• "If we knew what it was we were doing, it would not be called research, would it?"
  (attributed to Albert Einstein)
   
• "There's nothing more exhilarating than pointing out the shortcomings of others, is there?"
  (Randal Graves in Clerks, 1994)
   
• "I like New York in June,
  How about you?
  I like a Gershwin tune,
  How about you?"
  (Burton Lane and Ralph Freed, "How About You," 1941)
   
• "A toothbrush is a non-lethal object, isn't it?"
  (Morgan Freeman as Red in The Shawshank Redemption, 1994)
   
• "This time we almost made the pieces fit, didn't we?
  This time we almost made some sense of it, didn't we?
  (Jim Webb, "Didn't We?" 1968)
   
• "Now eventually you might have dinosaurs on your dinosaur tour, right?"
  (Jeff Goldblum as Dr. Malcolm in Jurassic Park, 1993)
   

• "But we mustn't think it has all been wasted, must we? We must remember the good times, mustn't we?"
  (Eva Figes, Nelly's Version. Secker & Warburg, 1977)
   
• "To actually see inside your ear canal--it would be fascinating, wouldn't it?"
  (Letter from Sonus, a hearing-aid company, quoted in The New Yorker, Mar. 24, 2003)
   

• "I warned you, but did you listen to me? Oh, no, you knew, didn't you? Oh, it's just a harmless little bunny, isn't it?"
  (Tim in Monty Python and the Holy Grail)
   

         CHAPTER 9

So and Such

Third Conditional

Structures using 'such' and 'so' are similar in meaning, but different in construction. The main difference between the two structures is that 'such' takes a noun phrase, whereas 'so' takes an adjective.

'Such … that'

'Such … that' takes a noun or modified noun in a noun phrase. 'That' can be used following the noun phrase but is not required.

such + adjective + noun + (that)

Examples:

The recording was such a disappointment that I didn't buy any more from that artist.

It was such an expensive car that the didn't buy it.

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'So … that'

'So … that' takes an adjective. 'That' can be used following the noun phrase but is not required.

So + adjective + (that)

Examples:

The game was so fascinating (that) he played for hours.

Our vacation apartment was so luxurious (that) we didn't want to leave.

'So' for Results

'So' can also be used to express a result. In this case 'so' is followed by a full clause:

Examples:

I had a lot of time so I visited the museum.

She wasn't happy in her current position so she looked for a new job.

Uses of the Conditional

1.      First conditional

a.       Nature: Open condition, what is said in the condition is possible.

b.      Time: This condition refers either to present or to future time.
e.g. If he is late, we will have to go without him.
If my mother knows about this, we are in serious trouble.

2.      Second conditional

a.       Nature: unreal (impossible) or improbable situations.

b.      Time: present; the TENSE is past, but we are talking about the present, now.
e.g. If I knew her name, I would tell you.
If I were you, I would tell my father.
Compare: If I become president, I will change the social security system. (Said by a presidential candidate)
If I became president, I would change the social security system. (Said by a schoolboy: improbable)
If we win this match, we are qualified for the semifinals.
If I won a million pounds, I would stop teaching. (improbable)

3.      Third conditional

a.       Nature: unreal

b.      Time: Past (so we are talking about a situation that was not so in the past.)
e.g. If you had warned me, I would not have told your father about that party.(But you didn't, and I have).

     CHAPTER 11,12,13,14

Direct & Indirect Speech Present Form

            Definition :

            Indirect speech is a report on what someone else said or wrote without using that person's exact words.

            Unlike Indirect, Direct Speech is spoken or written text that reports speech or thought in its original form phrased by the original speaker

There are several formula or changing tense in Direct Indirect Speech Present Form

TENSE CHANGE - IN - INDIRECT SPEECH
Present simple tense into Past simple
Present Continuous tense into Past continuous
Present Perfect tense into Past Perfect Present Perfect Continuous into Past perfect continuous

the table below is the example of changing tenses

DIRECT SPEECH	INDIRECT SPEECH
PRESENT TENSE
PRESENT SIMPLE changes into PAST SIMPLE
He said, “I write a letter” She said, “he goes to school daily” They said, “we love our country” He said, “he does not like computer”	He said that he wrote a letter. He said that she went to school daily. They said that they loved their country He said that he did not like computer.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST CONTINUOUS
He said, “he is listening to the music” She said, “I am washing my clothes” They said, “we are enjoying the weather” I said, “it is raining” She said, “I am not laughing”	He said that he was listening to the music. She said that she was washing her clothes. They said that they were not enjoying the weather. She said that she was not laughing.
PRESENT PERFECT changes into PAST PERFECT
She said, “he has finished his work” He said, “I have started a job” I said, “she have eaten the meal” They said, “we have not gone to New York.	She said that he had finished his work. He said that he had started a job. I said that she had eaten the meal. They said that they had not gone to New York.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS changes into PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
He said, “I have been studying since 3 O’clock” She said, “It has been raining for three days.” I said, “She has been working in this office since 2007”	He said that he had been studying since 3 O’clock. She said that it been raining for three days. I said that she had been working in this office since 2007.